Redwork History plus a Tablecloth/Quilt DIY

February 27, 2026

 


If you’ve ever been tempted to make a redwork quilt — filled with charming scenes from a bygone era and stitched by hand in classic Turkey Red — this post is for you. Today I’m sharing the basics: the supplies you’ll need, how to choose them, and what to do once you have them in hand. Whether you’re thinking of a simple tablecloth or a full bed quilt, the same timeless approach applies.

If you’re not yet comfortable with embroidery, this is a wonderful beginner project. A friend of mine — who had never embroidered before — is now finishing all the embroidery for a full-size redwork quilt and is nearly ready to quilt it.

If this idea intrigues you at all, don’t be shy about giving it a try. Stitching the small squares makes a perfect travel project, easy to pick up and put down whenever you have a few quiet moments. It may take time, but there’s no need to rush — the real joy is in the process. Let's jump right in!


My finished tablecloth above and square details below.



A Little History: What Are Redwork Penny Squares?

Redwork embroidery first became wildly popular in America in the late 1800s, when a new colorfast dye known as Turkey Red made it possible to stitch bright red designs that could safely be washed. Before that, red threads often bled — so this was quite a breakthrough for household linens.

Small embroidered motifs, often called penny squares, were especially fashionable. Many patterns were distributed through newspapers, mail-order catalogs, and thread companies for just a penny each making needlework accessible to women across rural and urban America. Women and girls traded and shared their treasured patterns, and stitched the simple designs onto individual squares, often working on them during sewing circles. 

For generations, sewing circles were far more than a way to finish projects — they were places of friendship, learning, and shared life. Women of the day, so often isolated with heavy work loads, gathered to stitch, certainly, but also to exchange news, advice, and encouragement, turning simple handwork into community and a social network.

More than a century later, redwork still holds its appeal. Modern stitchers love redwork penny squares because they are:

  • Slow and relaxing

  • Beginner-friendly

  • Easy to pick up and put down

  • Deeply connected to tradition

For me, it’s also a quiet way to feel connected to the women in my family who carried heavy daily responsibilities, yet still found moments to sit, stitch, and share conversation. And honestly, I can never resist those sweet little scenes — they come to life so beautifully in bright Turkey Red. I have a feeling you might just fall in love with a project like this, too.


Supplies list below.

Here are just a few of my redwork books, collected over many years.
They sit atop a bed quilt that has been basted and the quilting has begun.



SUPPLIES

  • FabricI prefer the most traditional route — a high-quality 100% cotton muslin in ivory. To determine how much fabric you’ll need, start by choosing the finished size of your project, then decide on the square size you’d like to use. I prefer a 9½" square; with a ¼" seam allowance on all sides, this yields a 9" finished square. Once you’ve settled on both your overall size and square dimensions, a little simple math will tell you how many squares are required — and, in turn, how much fabric to purchase. Your local fabric shop staff can easily help you calculate yardage if needed.
  • Backing fabric: in the same or similar high quality muslin.
  • Embroidery Hoop
  • Thread: High quality sewing machine thread such as Gutterman, in ivory and dark red. Also, quilting thread in ivory and quilting needles if you are going to hand quilt.
  • Floss: Twelve skeins (more or less, depending on size of your project) of DMC 6 strand floss in Turkey Red. I used color #304.
  • Needles: One package #8 embroidery needles and quilting needles if you will be hand quilting. My favorite is made by John James.
  • Penny Squares: You can find suitable designs from coloring books and children's books and also from Penny Square books that have been reprinted and are still available.  For these I'd ask my local quilting shop first, but they are sold on Amazon, and you can also check out eBay. You can aso find free patterns on the internet. To get you started you can print out these darling FREE full size patterns! When printing, size up or down to suit your square. Finding the patterns is the fun part! 
  • Light BoxThis is so helpful but not necessary. I borrow this one from my grandson.
  • Transfer pen: Use a water soluble pen made for fabric.
  • Quilting Stencil: If you are going to hand quilt, purchase a stencil to fit your square. You can find a good selection here.
  • Wright's Bias Tape Extra Wide Double Fold (no subs) in color Ivory or Ancho.
  • Thin quilt batting in the correct size if you will be making a bed quilt. This can be purchased after all the embroidery and piecing is done.
Photo 1. Transfer the pattern to the fabric. A light box is helpful but not necessary.


Photos 2 and 3. With a hoop and two strands of floss, embroider the squares.



Instructions

Embroider the squares:
  • Machine wash and dry your fabric, then cut into perfect squares. I prefer a 9.5" square--with 1/4" seam all around to make a 9" finished square.
  • Transfer the embroidery pattern onto your fabric squares using the water soluble pen. A light box helps with this but is not necessary. See Photo 1 above.
  • Using a hoop and 2 strands of the 6 stand floss, (see photos 2 and 3 above) embroider your square using the following stitches: 
  1. Basic Stem Stitch--use for outlining 95% of the time.
  2. Lazy Daisy Stitch--use for leaves and flowers
  3. French Knot--use for flowers and tiny details
  4. Chain Stitch--use when you want a more pronounced line than the stem stitch.
Photo 4. Arrange them in a pleasing way.

Photo 5. Machine stitch squares into rows and press seams open.

Photo 6. Align seams when stitching, pressing seams open.


Sew the squares together: 
  • Arrange the squares together in a pleasing way. See Photo 4 above. Machine stitch each square together one row at a time. Press each seam open. Repeat with the rest of the rows. See Photo 5.
  • Stitch the rows together, matching each seam. Press open. See Photo 6 above.
Embroider over the seams: 

Using 2 stands floss and the embroidery needle, use the herringbone stitch over each seam. See photos 7 and 8 below. Alternate stitches that can be used are the feather stitch and the fly stitch. All three are traditional. 

Note: Many thanks to Mary Corbett who has the most thorough and easy to follow embroidery instructions on her YouTube channel


Photos 7 and 8, herringbone stitch detail, front and back.




Next you will either transform your top into a quilt or a tablecloth. If it's a tablecloth you will want to line it with fabric cut to size with a little extra for wiggle room.

Machine wash, dry and press the backing. Lay down on a flat surface, smooth out any wrinkles and tape to floor or table or pin to a large bed, whatever your flat surface is. Place the top over it, right side up and smooth out. Wrong sides of each piece should be facing together inside. Securely pin or baste the two pieces together. Working one side at a time, open up the bias tape and machine stitch the fold line to the right side top. See Photo  9. Trim if necessary. Fold the tape around the seam to the back and top stitch on the front to enclose the seam. See Photos 10 and 11. Repeat with all four sides, taking care to trim the corners where the tape meets to avoid bulk.

Photo 9. Open up the tape and machine stitch on the fold line to attach the bias tape to one front side edge.


Photos 10 and 11. Fold the bias tape over and top stitch it to enclose the seam.


Neatly finished edge with bias tape.

Wash and press your tablecloth, use and enjoy! 

Note: If you are going to make your top into a quilt, rather than reinvent the wheel, I invite you to seek out the dozens of wonderful sites that teach you how to assemble and baste your "quilt sandwich", transfer the quilting design and lastly how to hand or machine quilt the sandwich together. 

Please enjoy some of the redwork quilts I have made:

This twin-size quilt was made by me in the early 1980s and spent many years on my son’s bed (though it’s pictured here on mine). When he was little, bedtime was story time — we would point to a square and take turns inventing a story about it. This quilt is full of sweet memories.

Close up.

It is not uncommon to find penny square designs that were hand drawn. Pictured above are our family dogs with the things they loved.

I made this baby quilt as a gift. To make a group or friendship baby quilt, read this post with full directions so sewers of all levels can make a beautiful baby quilt! How to make a group baby quilt.

Decades ago I found these completed squares at a flea market for $10. They are made from very inexpensive muslin and are very fragile (a lesson to us to purchase only the best quality). I pieced them into a baby quilt, more to preserve them because I don't plan on using this.

This is the quilt that has been in progress for 20 plus years. What's the hurry? 😊 It is basted and about 1/3 quilted. It lives in a basket in my sewing room. I'll get it out one day and finish!

Looking ahead to next week, I’ll be sharing The Best of Ravelry: Easter Edition. I’ve gathered some of the prettiest spring patterns to celebrate the season, and I’m certain you’ll love them as much as I do.

I hope you enjoyed this post and found it helpful—I’d love to see you back again! I publish about once a week and would be honored if you subscribed to the Knitionary blog. Just click here to join, and new posts will be delivered straight to your inbox.

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12 Comments

  1. These look so fun to make. We're expecting our first grandchild this fall. I'm forwarding this to my daughter. If she says yes, I will get her sisters, my sisters and our mother to help!

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    1. How wonderful for you all! I really hope you do make a group quilt. It's so fun! And to have all the aunties involved makes it more special! I've been involved in so many and loved each experience. I shared a link above to the post where I share our secrets to success! Go here: https://www.kristenrettig.com/2017/06/baby-animals-quilt.html I am so excited for you. If you need any help, please contact me in the sidebar!!!

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  2. I meant to say for a baby quilt!

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  3. You do such beautiful work and so generous to give such detailed instructions! Very inspiring!!

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    1. Thank you Sharon. It really is such a fun and relaxing hobby, I couldn't help but share.

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  4. Your embroidery stitches are perfect, even on the wrong side. These squares are absolutely charming.

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  5. I love this. About 20 years ago I came across the charming Roly Poly Circus redwork pattern on the Internet. I tucked it away in case I ever was motivated to take it on. But although I learned most of the stitches as a preteen I never “took”. to this type of needlework. I just didn’t enjoy it. But now you’ve got me thinking, Kristen! The Roly Poly Circus is extremely simple, adorable, and I love the color Turkey red. Maybe - if I can find it - we’ve moved since then - I can manage three squares and frame them to hang in a grandchild’s room. I think it is genius to engage a child by both of you storytelling with those squares. Will have to try that! Chloe

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    1. I love the idea of framing little squares! I think you could also make pillows too!

      Roly Poly Circus sounded familiar so I looked in my (very) large box of redwork books, and yep, I have it! It is darling! If you can't find your copy, email me and I can fix you up.

      I know this type of embroidery isn’t for everyone. I remember learning it when I was very young — either in Bluebirds or Camp Fire Girls. Most of the girls really didn’t take to it and could only manage an inch or two of stitching each week. Meanwhile, I absolutely loved it and often brought their pieces home to finish for them! It was pure fun for me, though I completely understand if it doesn’t spark the same joy for everyone. Some things simply aren’t meant to be everyone’s cup of tea!

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  6. Kristen, your post reminded me of the redwork quilt made by my great-aunt in the early 1900's. Her name was Annie Marmion Wendt. Annie died because of complications in the birth of her second child. Her sisters, Isabel and Martha Marmion saved it, my mother saved it, and now I'm saving it. I've gotten it out of the cedar chest and am going to do a little research on all the squares.

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    1. What a touching story--that the quilt has been treasured all this time is really a legacy to your great aunt and the family of women who thought to save it for all this time. I'd love to see a picture of it. xoxo Kristen

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